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Министерство общего и профессионального
образования РФ
Оренбургский государственный университет
Институт Энергетики и Информатики
КАФЕДРА: ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ
ИНЖЕНЕРНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЕЙ
Р Е Ф Е Р А Т
Сравнительный анализ развития компьютеров в США и на Украине.
Выполнил: Гусев В. В.
Группа: 97-ИДМБ
Руководитель:
БогомоловаА. И.
Distributed by BRS Corporation
http://www.osu.ru/~BRS
E-mail: brs-99@mail.ru
Оренбург – 1999 г.
The Comparative Analisis Of The Computer Development In The USA And Ukraine
In the early 1960s when computers were mainly mainframes that they took up entire rooms. Researches at Xerox’s Polo Alto Research Center (Xerox PARC) had realized that the pace of improvement in the technology of semiconductors meant that sooner or later the PC would be extravagant no longer.
Although the work at Xerox PARC was crucial, it was not the spark that took PCs out of the hands of experts and into the popular imagination.
In January 1975, the magazine Popular Electronics put a new kit for hobbyists, called the Altair, on its cover. The Altair inspired Steve Wosniak and Steve Jobs to build the first Apple computer, and a young college Bill Gates wrote software for it
They felt was needed to bring PCs to the masses. The Altair incorporated one of the first single-chip microprocessor called the Intel 8080.
The Soviet Union government and the authorities had paid serious attention to the development of the computer industry right after the Second World War.
Up to the beginning of the 1950s there were only small productive capacities.
The electronic numerical computer engineering was only arising .
The first serious steps in the development of production base were made initially in the late 1950s.
In the 1960s the science-research and assembling base was enlarged. As the result of this measures, all researches connected with creating and putting into the serial production of semi-conductor electronic computing machines were almost finished.
But the situation in Ukraine was complicated, on one hand, with the consequences of the Second World War and, on the other hand, at a certain period Cybernetics and Computer Science were not acknowledged.
In America they paid more attention to the development of computers for civil and later personal use. But in Ukraine the attention was mainly focused on the military and industrial needs.
The natural final stage was buying in enormous quantities of foreign computers last years and pressing to the deep background our domestic researches, and developments, and the computer-building industry on the whole.
Having analyzed the development of computer science in two countries I have found some similar and some distinctive features in the arising of computers.
First of all, I would like to say that at the first stages the two countries rubbed shoulders with each other. But then, at a certain stage the USSR was mistaken having copied the IBM-360 out of date technology. Estimating the discussion of possible ways of the computer technique development in the former USSR in late 1960s - early 1970s from the today point of view it can be noticed that we have chosen a worse if not the worst one. The only progressive way was to base on our domestic researches and to collaborate with the west-European companies in working out the new generation of machines. Thus we would reach the world level of production, and we would have a real base for the further development together with leading European companies.
Unfortunately the last twenty years may be called the years of “unrealized possibilities”. Today it is still possible to change the situation; but tomorrow it will be too late.
Will the new times come? Will there be a new renaissance of science, engineering and national economy as it was in the post-war period? Only one thing remains for us - that is to wait, to hope and to do our best to reach the final goal.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Б.М.Малиновський “Історія обчислювальної техніки в особах”, Київ, 1995.
Stephen G. Nash “A History of Scientific Computing”, ACM Press History Series, New York, 1990.
Енциклопедія кібернетики, Київ, 1985.
The America House Pro-Quest Database: “Byte” Magazine, September, 1995.
William Aspray, Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series in the History of Computing 7, Los Angeles, 1985.
D.J.Frailey “Computer Architecture” in Encyclopedia of Computer Science.
Stan Augarten “Bit by Bit: An Illustrated History of Computers”, New York, 1984.
Michael R. Williams “A History of Computing Technology”, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1985.
“Від БЕСМ до супер-ЕОМ. Сторінки історії Інституту ІТМ та ОТ ім. С.О. Лебедева АН УРСР у спогадах співробітників” під редакцією Г.Г. Рябової, 1988.
Сравнительный анализ развития компьютеров в США и на Украине.
РАЗРАБОТКА КОМПЬЮТЕРОВ В США
В начале 1960-х, когда корпус компьютеров занимал целые комнаты, создатели уже наигрались c ним, затем экстравагантное понятие построения компьютера предназначенного для единственного использования одним человеком. В начале 1970-х, исследователи в Ксерокс Поло Альта Исследовательском Центре (Ксерокс ПАИС) поняли, что улучшенный темп в технологии полупроводников означало, что рано или поздно PC был бы больше экстравагантными. Они предвидeли, что ресурсы должны когда-нибудь стать такими дешевыми, что инженеры должны быть в состоянии посвятить себя участию в работе. В своих лабораториях, они разработали или очистили значительную часть того из чего состоит ПК сегодня, начиная от "мышки", указывающего устройства в программном обеспечении "окон".
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Предмет: Информатика
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Тема: Сравнительный анализ развития компьютеров в США и на Украине. |
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Ключевые слова: компьютер Украина Россия перефирия, Сравнительный, компьютер, Россия, Программирование и комп-ры, Программирование, компьютеров, Сравнительный анализ развития компьютеров в США и на Украине., комп-ры, развития, анализ, Украине., перефирия, Украина, США |
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